Psychological profiles and prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal in people with chronic pain.

BACKGROUND: The negative consequences of prescription opioid misuse and opioid use disorder make it relevant to identify factors associated with this problem in individuals with chronic pain. This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying subgroups of people with chronic pain based on their psychological profiles, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. METHODS: The sample comprised 185 individuals with chronic pain. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis on impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, pain acceptance, pain intensity, opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. RESULTS: The four-cluster solution was the optimal one. Misuse, craving, and anxiety sensitivity were higher among people in the Severe-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Withdrawal was the highest in the High-withdrawal cluster. Impulsivity was higher among people in the Severe-problems and High-withdrawal clusters than those in the Moderate-problems and Mild-problems clusters. Pain acceptance was higher among people in the Mild-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Anxiety sensitivity and misuse were higher among people in the Moderate-problems cluster than among people in the Mild-problems cluster. CONCLUSIONS: These results support that impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and pain acceptance are useful constructs to identify subgroups of people with chronic pain according to their level of prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The results of this study may help in selecting the early intervention most suitable for each of the identified profiles. SIGNIFICANCE: The psychological profile of individuals with chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal is characterized by fearing anxiety-related symptoms due to the catastrophic interpretation of such symptoms and reacting impulsively to negative moods. In contrast, participants with high pain acceptance had less prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The profiles identified in this study could help clinicians select targets for intervention among profiles with similar needs and facilitate early interventions to prevent opioid misuse onset or aggravation.

Demonstration of Single-Barium-Ion Sensitivity for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging.

A new method to tag the barium daughter in the double-beta decay of ^{136}Xe is reported. Using the technique of single molecule fluorescent imaging (SMFI), individual barium dication (Ba^{++}) resolution at a transparent scanning surface is demonstrated. A single-step photobleach confirms the single ion interpretation. Individual ions are localized with superresolution (∼2 nm), and detected with a statistical significance of 12.9σ over backgrounds. This lays the foundation for a new and potentially background-free neutrinoless double-beta decay technology, based on SMFI coupled to high pressure xenon gas time projection chambers.

The Key Role of Pain Catastrophizing in the Disability of Patients with Acute Back Pain.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the role of anxiety sensitivity, resilience, pain catastrophizing, depression, pain fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain intensity in patients with acute back pain-related disability. METHOD: Two hundred and thirty-two patients with acute back pain completed questionnaires on anxiety sensitivity, resilience, pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, pain intensity, and disability. RESULTS: A structural equation modelling analysis revealed that anxiety sensitivity was associated with pain catastrophizing, and resilience was associated with lower levels of depression. Pain catastrophizing was positively associated with fear-avoidance beliefs and pain intensity. Depression was associated with fear-avoidance beliefs, but was not associated with pain intensity. Finally, catastrophizing, fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain intensity were positively and significantly associated with acute back pain-related disability. CONCLUSION: Although fear-avoidance beliefs and pain intensity were associated with disability, the results showed that pain catastrophizing was a central variable in the pain experience and had significant direct associations with disability when pain was acute. Anxiety sensitivity appeared to be an important antecedent of catastrophizing, whereas the influence of resilience on the acute back pain experience was limited to its relationship with depression.

Development of a new portable air sampler based on electrostatic precipitation.

Airborne particles are known to cause illness and to influence meteorological phenomena. It is therefore important to monitor their concentrations and to identify them. A challenge is to collect micro and nanoparticles, microorganisms as well as toxic molecules with a device as simple and small as possible to be used easily and everywhere. Electrostatic precipitation is an efficient method to collect all kinds of airborne particles. Furthermore, this method can be miniaturized. A portable, silent, and autonomous air sampler based on this technology is therefore being developed with the final objective to collect very efficiently airborne pathogens such as supermicron bacteria but also submicron viruses. Particles are collected on a dry surface so they may be concentrated afterwards in a small amount of liquid medium to be analyzed. It is shown that nearly 98 % of airborne particles from 10 nm to 3 µm are collected.

Clinician-performed ultrasound in hemodynamic and cardiac assessment: a synopsis of current indications and limitations.

Accurate hemodynamic and intravascular volume status assessment is essential in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of critically ill patients. Over the last two decades, a number of technological advances were translated into a variety of minimally invasive or non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring modalities. Despite the promise of less invasive technologies, the quality, reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of resultant hemodynamic and intravascular volume status data have been lacking. Since its formal introduction, ultrasound technology has provided the medical community with a more standardized, higher quality, broadly applicable, and reproducible method of accomplishing the above-mentioned objectives. With the advent of portable, hand-carried devices, the importance of sonography in hemodynamic and volume status assessment became clear. From basic venous collapsibility and global cardiac assessment to more complex tasks such as the assessment of cardiac flow and tissue Doppler signals, the number of real-life indications for sonology continues to increase. This review will provide an outline of the essential ultrasound applications in hemodynamic and volume status assessment, focusing on evidence-based uses and indications.

An examination of the structural link between post-traumatic stress symptoms and chronic pain in the framework of fear-avoidance models.

BACKGROUND: The tendency to respond with fear and avoidance can be seen as a shared vulnerability contributing to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain. Although several studies have examined which specific symptoms of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal) are associated with chronic pain, none has considered this association within the framework of fear-avoidance models. METHODS: Seven hundred fourteen patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain were assessed. Of these, 149 patients were selected for the study based upon the following inclusion criteria: exposure to a traumatic event before the onset of pain (with scores equal to or higher than 8 points on the fear and hopelessness scales of the Stressful Life Event Screening Questionnaire Revised) and scores equal to or higher than 30 on the Davidson Trauma Scale. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling was used to test the association between PTSD symptoms and pain outcomes (pain intensity and disability) using the mediating variables considered in the fear-avoidance models. The results show that emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms, but neither re-experiencing nor avoidance, affected pain outcome via anxiety sensitivity (AS), catastrophizing and fear of pain. PTSD symptoms increased the levels of AS, which predisposes to catastrophizing and, in turn, had an effect on the tendency of pain patients to respond with more fear and avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical support for the potential role of PTSD symptoms in fear-avoidance models of chronic pain and suggests that AS is a relevant variable in the relationship between both disorders.

Empirical evidence of the validity of the Spanish version of the pain vigilance awareness questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Spanish version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire has not been validated. PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire and present empirical evidence regarding its validity. METHOD: A sample of 468 chronic back pain patients completed a battery of instruments to assess fear-avoidance beliefs, pain anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain vigilance and awareness, pain acceptance, depression, anxiety, disability, and pain intensity. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of a nine-item version with two subscales: Active Vigilance and Passive Awareness. Both subscales and the total score were positively and significantly correlated with other fear-related constructs: fear-avoidance beliefs, pain anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Regression analyses showed that Active Vigilance and the two subscales of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire were significantly associated with higher anxiety and that the Acceptance Activity Engagement subscale was significantly associated with lower anxiety. The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Physical subscale was associated with higher disability and the Acceptance Pain Willingness subscale was associated with lower disability. The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Work subscale was significantly associated with higher pain intensity and depression; the Acceptance Activity Engagement and Pain Willingness subscales were significantly associated with lower pain intensity and depression. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument. Pain Acceptance and Fear Avoidance beliefs are better predictors of adjustment to pain than pain hypervigilance.

Children's pain perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on children's pain perspectives remain limited to English-speaking populations. METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional descriptive design was used to investigate the developmental progression of children's pain perspectives, including their pain experience, its definition and attributes, causality and coping. The Children's Pain Perspectives Inventory was applied to 180 healthy Spanish children. A coding system was developed following the content analysis method. Three age groups were compared: 4-6 years, corresponding to the Piagetian pre-operational stage of cognitive development; 7-11 years, corresponding to stage of concrete operations; and 12-14 years, corresponding to the period of early formal operations. RESULTS: In children between 4 and 6, the predominant narratives related to physical injuries, the notion of causality and the definition of pain. In children between 7 and 11, the predominant narratives were those in which pain was described as a sensation in one part of the body. The view of pain as having an emotional basis significantly increased with age and was more frequent in adolescents. In contrast, children between 4-6 and 7-11 indicated that pain occurs spontaneously. The denial of any positive aspects of pain significantly decreased with age; some children between 7 and 11 referred to the 'possibility of relief', while the view that pain is a 'learning experience' was significantly more frequent among adolescents aged between 12 and 14 years. The use of cognitive strategies to control pain significantly increased with age. Between 12 and 14 years of age, adolescents communicate pain by non-verbal behaviour and reported that they do not express demands for relief. CONCLUSIONS: There was a progression from concrete to more complex notions of pain as age increased. These results may be of use to health professionals and parents to understand how children at various developmental stages express and cope with pain and to develop tools that effectively assess and manage pain in children.

Experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity as dispositional variables and their relationship to the adjustment to chronic pain.

Anxiety sensitivity has been included in the fear-avoidance model as a vulnerability factor to explain individual differences in fear of pain. Several studies have suggested that the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and some psychopathological disorders is mediated by experiential avoidance, an affect-related regulatory process that involves unwillingness to endure private experiences. The role of these constructs as vulnerability variables has not been investigated in chronic pain patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance as dispositional variables in pain fear-avoidance. Two alternative hypothetical models were tested: one in which anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance would be independently associated with pain fear-avoidance; and second, one in which experiential avoidance would mediate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and pain fear-avoidance. The sample was composed of 299 patients with chronic back pain. The postulated relationships were tested using LISREL 8.20 software (Scientific Software International, Chicago, IL, USA) and the generally weighted least squares. The structural equation modelling analyses showed that experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity were independently associated with pain fear-avoidance and that anxiety sensitivity had a stronger association with pain fear-avoidance than experiential avoidance. The alternative model, in which experiential avoidance mediates the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and pain fear-avoidance, gave a much worse fit. These results highlight the importance of both anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance as variables which could explain individual differences in pain fear-avoidance. Thus, in terms of prevention, it should be a priority to identify patients with increased anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance during the first stages of the development of chronic pain conditions.

[Evaluation of the risk of abortion abuse resulting from the two-week legal delay in France]. / Evaluation du risque de recours abusif à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse en France suite au délai supplémentaire de deux semaines.

OBJECTIVE: The legal delay for abortion in France has recently been prolonged from 10 (12 weeks of amenorrhea) to 12 weeks (14 weeks of amenorrhea). With the progress in sonography, certain foetuses may exhibit malformations during the first trimester. Diagnosis of foetal gender at 12 weeks of amenorrhea is sometimes possible. We studied the possibility that the prolonged legal delay before abortion might incite women to abort, simply on sonographic criteria. METHODS: Our enquiry was conducted in March 2001 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Jean Verdier hospital in Bondy. Two questionnaires were drawn-up by the Medical Ethics Laboratory of the Necker Hospital in Paris and were distributed to 128 women and 24 nurses. RESULTS: Recourse to abortion was high if laparoschisis or the absence of a hand was revealed, low in the case of opacity of the neck, and almost inexistent in the case of unwanted gender, in a female population with less than one child. CONCLUSION: A national consensus on foetal abnormalities to be searched for, and not to be searched for (Number of fingers? Upper lip?...) and the eventual detection of the gender during sonography of the 1st trimester is urgent in view of the technological progress made. Clear and reassuring information is essential when confronted with foetal abnormalities and must lead to complete and precise antenatal diagnosis (caryotyping, sonographic control 2 or 3 weeks later).

Diferencias en la percepción del dolor relacionadas con las variables sexo y edad / Differences in the perception of pain related to sex and age variables

Numerosos estudios indican que las características personales pueden actuar como variables diferenciales en la vivencia de la experiencia de dolor. Objetivo: En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las diferencias entre sujetos en la percepción de dolor en función de las variables edad y sexo. Material y método: Para ello, contamos con una muestra compuesta por 165 hombres y 165 mujeres con dolor crónico, de edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 92 años. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado para medir el dolor es el Cuestionario McGill de Dolor (1) adaptado al español por Lázaro, Bosch, Torfubia y Baños (2). Las hipótesis establecen relaciones positivas entre la edad y las diferentes dimensiones del dolor: dimensión sensorial, afectiva y evaluativa. De igual forma se espera encontrar diferencias significativas en dichas dimensiones en función del sexo, obteniendo las mujeres puntuaciones medias más altas que los hombres. Se aplicó MANOVA para analizar las diferencias entre los diferentes grupos de edad y sexo en las dimensiones de dolor. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que las mujeres presentan medias superiores a los hombres en las tres dimensiones, así como en la puntuación total. Por otro lado, sólo se encuentran diferencias en las dimensiones afectiva y sensorial en función de la edad. Los pacientes con mayor edad (mayores de 65 años) obtienen puntuaciones medias significativamente más elevadas en la dimensión afectiva, mientras que en la dimensión sensorial las puntuaciones más altas las obtienen los sujetos de menor edad (AU)

Evaluación de estrategias de afrontamiento, nivel de funcionamiento y edad en personas con dolor oncológico y benigno / Evaluation of confronting strategies, functioning level and age in persons with benign and oncologic pain

Antecedentes: Desde la disciplina psicológica se viene prestando atención particular al tema del dolor crónico desde finales de los 70. Actualmente, y desde esta perspectiva, el dolor crónico se entiende como una experiencia que coloca a las personas bajo estrés, en tanto que atenta directamente contra su bienestar. Ante tal experiencia, los individuos ponen en marcha diferentes mecanismos de actuación o estrategias de afrontamiento para intentar reducir el malestar provocado por dicha situación. La conclusión genérica de los diversos estudios que se han venido efectuando a este respecto, apuntan hacia que el tipo de estrategias de afro ntamiento utilizadas por los pacientes con dolor crónico incide en el grado de ajuste que éstos presentan ante su enfermedad. Es por ello que el análisis de dichas estrategias se constituye en un factor relevante a la hora de diseñar intervenciones multidisciplinare s .Objetivos: El trabajo que se presenta ha tenido un triple objetivo. De un lado, delimitar el efecto que las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los pacientes tienen tanto sobre el grado de dolor experimentado, como sobre el nivel de funcionamiento cotidiano. De otro, indagar la existencia de posibles diferencias en los modos de afrontamiento que pueden caracterizar a los pacientes con dolor crónico benigno o de origen maligno, lo que tendría importantes rep e rcusiones en el establecimiento de la terapéutica conveniente en cada caso. Asimismo, ha sido analizada la influencia que otras variables, como la edad de los sujetos, tiene en la explicación de la modulación de la experiencia de dolor.Métodos: La muestra está compuesta de 197 pacientes con dolor crónico, de los cuales 105 presentan dolor de carácter benigno y 92 dolor de tipo oncológico. En el proceso de evaluación se han utilizado los siguientes cuestionarios: el Cuestionario de evaluación del dolor de McGill , el Inventario de Control del Dolor de Vanderbilt y el Inventario Multidimensional del Dolor de Haven-Yale (WHYMPI). Con el objetivo de analizar las relaciones causales entre las variables indicadas, se ha utilizado como metodología de análisis los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales y, puesto que se cumplía el supuesto de normalidad multivariada, se ha empleado el método de estimación de "máxima probabilidad". Puesto que se deseaba establecer simultáneamente el ajuste del modelo en los grupos de pacientes con dolor benigno y oncológico, se ha aplicado un contraste multimuestra sobre las matrices de covarianza de ambos grupos.Resultados: Con respecto a la variable dolor los resultados indican que las estrategias pasivas influyen significativamente sobre el dolor, tanto oncológico como benigno, siendo dicha relación positiva, mientras que se observa que las estrategias activas sólo influyen en el dolor benigno (aunque no significativamente), y en este caso, la relación es negativa. En cuanto a la variable funcionamiento, se ha encontrado que el dolor, la edad y el uso de estrategias pasivas influyen en el funcionamiento de los pacientes con dolor benigno siendo dichas relaciones negativas, pero ninguna de las variables estudiadas influye sobre el funcionamiento de los pacientes con dolor oncológico.Conclusiones: Posiblemente la conclusión más evidente derivada de los anteriores resultados sea la existencia de una marcada diferencia entre los sujetos con dolor crónico oncológico y aquéllos que sufren un dolor crónico benigno, en lo referente al uso de estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por ambos grupos de pacientes. Consiguientemente, ha de concluirse que es primordial considerar estas diferencias cuando se diseñen intervenciones psicológicas dirigidas a los diversos grupos de pacientes que padecen dolor crónico (AU)